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Most information used to evaluate diabetic statuses is collected at a special time-point, such as taking fasting plasma glucose test and providing a limited view of individual's health and disease risk. As a new parameter for continuously evaluating personal clinical statuses, the newly developed technique "continuous glucose monitoring" (CGM) can characterize glucose dynamics. By calculating the complexity of glucose time series index (CGI) with refined composite multi-scale entropy analysis of the CGM data, the study showed for the first time that the complexity of glucose time series in subjects decreased gradually from normal glucose tolerance to impaired glucose regulation and then to type 2 diabetes (P for trend < 0.01). Furthermore, CGI was significantly associated with various parameters such as insulin sensitivity/secretion (all P < 0.01), and multiple linear stepwise regression showed that the disposition index, which reflects β-cell function after adjusting for insulin sensitivity, was the only independent factor correlated with CGI (P < 0.01). Our findings indicate that the CGI derived from the CGM data may serve as a novel marker to evaluate glucose homeostasis.
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Humans , Glucose , Blood Glucose , Insulin Resistance/physiology , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/diagnosis , Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring , Time Factors , InsulinABSTRACT
Objective:To evaluate the impacts of resistance training(RT)and aerobic training(AT)for 24 months on the risk of type 2 diabetes in patients with pre-diabetes.Methods:Two hundred forty-eight pre-diabetic patients were enrolled in this multi-center randomized controlled trial. All patients were randomly divided into 3 groups: RT( n=82), AT( n=83), and control( n=83)groups. The participants in RT and AT groups undertook moderate RT or AT 3 times a week(150 minutes/week)under supervision in 3 research centers for 24 months. Elastic bands were used in each session of RT, with intensity of 60% 1RM(maximum weight that muscle can lift at once). Patients in AT group performed aerobic dance at 60%-70% of maximum heart rate. Assessments for each subject were made at baseline and by the end of 6, 12 and 24 months. Primary outcomes were changes in the risk of type 2 diabetes. Secondary outcomes included changes in blood glucose, blood lipids, and blood pressure. Results:There were 217, 206, and 173 subjects who completed the follow-up of 6, 12, and 24 months, respectively. The mean ages of RT, AT, and control groups at baseline were(59.91±5.92), (60.93±5.71), and(60.73±5.83)years. Compared to control group, both RT and AT groups revealed a significant reduction in HbA 1C( P<0.05), and a significant increase in homeostasis model assessment for β-cell function index(HOMA2-β, P<0.01)by the end of 12 and 24 months. Adjusted for age, gender, statin use, lipid profile, blood pressure, and body mass index, COX regression analysis showed that RT and AT reduced the risk of type 2 diabetes by 55.6%( P=0.012)and 59.8%( P=0.010). Conclusions:This study demonstrates that 24-month moderate RT and AT have comparable effects on reducing insulin resistance, improving β-cell function, blood glucose and lipid, and reducing the risk of type 2 diabetes.
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Objective: To explore the protective effect of glutamine (GLN) on the hyperoxia-induced lung injury of the neonatal rats through endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) pathway, and to elucidate its mechanisms. Methods: A total of 90 Wistar rats were randomly divided into control group (FiO2 =21%), hyperoxia group (FiO2 85%), and hyperoxia+GLN group (Fi2 85%, the concentration of intraperitoneal injection of GLN was 0. 75 g · kg-1 · d-1); there were 30 rats in each group The body weights and water contents in the lung tissue of the neonatal rats were measured on the 3rd, 7th and 14th days of the experiment. HE staining was used to determine the morphology of lung tissue of the rats. The superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in lung tissue of the rats was detected by nitro blue tetrazolium chloride (NBT), and the malondialdehyde (MDA) level was determined by thiobarbital acid (TBA). The expression levels of Caspase-12, GADD153, GRP78, Bel-2, and Bax in lung tissue of the rats were detected by Western blotting method. Results: Compared with control group at the same time, the body weights of the neonatal rats in hyperoxia group on the 3rd, 7th and 14th days were significantly decreased (P<0. 05), the water contents in lung tissue of the neonatal rats were increased (P<0. 05), the SOD activities were significantly decreased (P<0. 05), the levels of MDA in the lung tissue of the neonatal rats were increased (P<0. 05), the expressions levels of Caspase-12, GADD153, GRP78 and Bax proteins were significantly increased (P<0. 05), and the expression levels of Bcl-2 protein and the Bcl-2/Bax ratios were significantly decreased (P<0. 05). Compared with hyperoxia group at the same time, the body weights of the neonatal rats in hyperoxia + GLN group on the 3rd, 7th and 14th days were significantly increased (P<0. 05), the water contents in lung tissue of the neonatal rats were decreased (P<0. 05), the SOD activities were significantly increased (P< 0. 05), the levels of MDA in lung tissue of the neonatal rats were decreased (P<0. 05), the expression levels of Caspase-12, GADD153, GRP78 and Bax proteins were significantly decreased (P<0. 05), the expression levels of Bcl-2 protein and the Bcl-2/Bax ratios were increased (P<0. 05). The pathological sections of lung tissue of the rats in control group showed that lung tissue structure was regular, no alveolar edema was found, the alveolar size and alveolar septum were approximately the same, and no inflammatory cell infiltration was found; the histopathological sections of lung tissue of the rats in hyperoxia group showed swelling of brochial and alveolar epithelial cells, enlargement of alveolar lumen, edema of interstitial cells, inflammatory cell infiltration and fibrous exudation; the degrees of alveolar damage, the inflammatory exudation and the proliferation of fibrons tissue in hyperoxia+GLN group were alleviated which was between hyperoxia group and control group. Conclusion: GLN can alleviate the hyperoxia-induced lung tissue edema and inflammatory response of the neonatal rats, and one of mechanisms is that GLN can down-regulate the expression levels of Caspase-12, GADD153, GRP78 and Bax proteins and up-regulate the expression level of Bcl-2 protein through ERS pathway to protect hypoxic lung injury.
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Objective@#To study the association of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)276 in adiponectin gene with essential hypertension in population with impaired glucose regulation in Han people of Shanxi region.@*Methods@#The study population consisted of 216 Chinese Hans residents with impaired glucose regulation (IGR) in Shanxi province. Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) was applied to test the adiponectin SNP276G/T polymorphism.@*Results@#The distributions of genotypes and alleles of SNP276 both displayed significant difference between the IGR complicating norm tension group and the hypertension group (P=0.025, P=0.007). Compared with the TT genotype, the SNP276 non-TT (GT+ GG) genotype was associated with increased risk of complicating with hypertension (OR=3.346, 95% CI: 1.115-8.986, P=0.037), while after age- , sex- and BMI-adjusted, there was no significant difference between the 2 groups (P=0.349).@*Conclusions@#SNP276 in adipose most abundant gene transcript 1 (APM1) was associated with the susceptibility to be complicating essential hypertension in population with impaired glucose regulation in Han people of Shanxi region.
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Objective To study the association of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)276 in adiponectin gene with essential hypertension in population with impaired glucose regulation in Han people of Shanxi region.Methods The study population consisted of 216 Chinese Hans residents with impaired glucose regulation (IGR) in Shanxi province.Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) was applied to test the adiponectin SNP276G/T polymorphism.Results The distributions of genotypes and alleles of SNP276 both displayed significant difference between the IGR complicating norm tension group and the hypertension group (P =0.025,P =0.007).Compared with the TT genotype,the SNP276 non-TT (GT + GG) genotype was associated with increased risk of complicating with hypertension (OR =3.346,95％ CI:1.115-8.986,P =0.037),while after age-,sex-and BMI-adjusted,there was no significant difference between the 2 groups (P =0.349).Conclusions SNP276 in adipose most abundant gene transcript 1 (APM1) was associated with the susceptibility to be complicating essential hypertension in population with impaired glucose regulation in Han people of Shanxi region.
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Objective To explore whether serum potassium can influence insulin secretion ability in pa tients with impaired glucose regulation (IGR).Methods 320 subjects with IGR were enrolled in our study.All subjects underwent a standard OGTT.Their clinical and biochemical parameters were measured.Insulin secretion indices were measured by DI0,DI30,and DI120.Results In IGR,DI0 was negatively correlated with BMI (r=-0.122,P=0.015),total cholesterol (TC) (r=-0.182,P=0.032),low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) (r=-0.1 78,P=0.026) and triglyceride (TG) (r=-0.179,P=0.01 1).DI30 was negatively correlated with TC (r=-0.146,P=0.001),TG(r=-0.192,P=0.027)and LDL-C(r=-0.134,P=0.014).DI120 was negatively correlated with TC(r=-0.222,P＜ 0.001),TG(r=-0.209,P＜0.001)and LDL-C (r=-0.183,P＜0.001) while postively correlated with serum potassium (r=0.208,P＜0.001).The multiple regression model analysis showed that serum potassium (β=0.380,P＜0.001) was independently correlated to DI120.Conclusion In patients with IGR,serum potassium is associated with insulin secretion ability,which may provide a new treatment strategy for preventing IGR into T2DM.
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Impaired glucose regulation(IGR,also named prediabetes)is an abnormal condition and important period for dia?betes mellitus. The period includes impaired fasting glucose or/and impaired glucose tolerance. IGR should be screened promptly and be interfered by life style and drugs to recover normal condition,or to delay and control the development of diabetes mellitus for de?creasing the highrisk of diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease. The paper reviews the literature about antiglycemic drugs and tra?ditional Chinese medicine interventions for IGR in China in the recent ten years,and summarizes some characters of these drugs to provide some help for prediabetes.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To examine the association of genetic variants with characteristic symptoms of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A matched case-control study was performed to investigate the association between common variants in four genes (CDKAL1, GLIS3, GRK5, and TCF7L2) and symptoms of T2DM. Symptoms were examined with questionnaire for 710 subjects. Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood mononuclear cell by salting-out procedure. Genotyping was carried out by direct sequencing of the unpurified polymerase chain reaction products.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>Most of the T2DM patients pressented characteristic symptoms, such as feeling weak in limbs (P =0.0057), hand tremor (P =0.0208), bradymasesis (P =0.0234), and polyuria (P =0.0051). Some of the T2DM patients shared characteristic symptoms, such as desire for cold drinks (P =0.0304), polyphagia (P =0.0051), and furred tongue (P =0.028). The impaired glucose regulation (IGR) cases took only one characteristic symptom of frequent micturition (P =0.0422). GLIS3 rs7034200 and GRK5 rs10886471 were significantly associated with increased T2DM risk (GLIS3 rs7034200 under dominant model: P=0.0307; GRK5 rs10886471 under recessive model: P=0.0092). However, only the rs10886471 polymorphism in GRK5 showed a significant effect on both differentiated symptoms and T2DM risk. The C-allele was involved in both dampness-heat encumbering Pi (Spleen) syndrome (P =0.047) and qi-yin deficiency syndrome (P =0.002) via increased GRK5 expression.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Both T2DM and IGR exhibited its corresponding characteristic symptoms. The variants of GRK5 were involved with both qi-yin deficiency syndrome and dampness-heat encumbering Pi syndrome.</p>
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Objective To investigate the correlation between serum uric acid (SUA) level and early-phase insulin secretion in subjects with normal glucose regulation (NGR).Methods Totally 367 community NGR residents confirmed by a 75g oral glucose tolerance test were enrolled.The insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) and the early-phase insulin secretion index after a glucose load (ΔI30/ΔG30) were used to estimate the insulin sensitivity and the early-phase insulin secretion, respectively.The subjects were divided into 4 groups according to the SUA level quartiles.Differences in early-phase insulin levels, ΔI30/ΔG30, and HOMA-IR were compared among the 4 groups.Results Age, BMI, waist circumference, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, fasting insulin (FINS), 30 minutes postprandial insulin (30 minINS), 2 hours postprandial insulin(2hlNS), HOMA-IR and TG levels increased across the rising categories of SUA levels, while the HDL-C was decreased across the SUA groups (P ＜ 0.01).The SUA level was positively correlated with age (r =0.157, P ＜ 0.01), BMI (r =0.262, P ＜ 0.01), waist circumference(r =0.372, P ＜ 0.01), systolic blood pressure (r =0.200, P ＜ 0.01), diastolic blood pressure(r =0.254,P ＜ 0.01) , 30 minutes postprandial plasma glucose(r =0.118 ,P =0.023), FINS(r =0.249, P ＜ 0.01), 30minlNS (r =0.189, P ＜ 0.01) ,2hlNS (r =0.206, P ＜ 0.01), glycosylated hemoglobin (HbAlc, r=0.106,P =0.042), HOMA-IR(r =0.244,P ＜0.01), TG(r =0.350,P ＜0.01), ΔI30/ΔG30 (r =0.144, P ＜ 0.01), and negatively correlated with HDL-C level (r =-0.321, P ＜ 0.01).Multiple stepwise regression analysis showed that SUA (β =0.292, P ＜ 0.01) and HOMA-IR (β3 =29.821, P ＜ 0.01)were positively associated with ΔI30/ΔG30.Conclusion SUA level is closely related with the early-phase insulin secretion in NGR subjects.
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Objective To explore the association of NH2-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide ( NT-proBNP) with the risk of type 2 diabetes.Methods One hundred and twenty-six impaired glucose regulation( IGR) participants from Diabetic Identification Center of Tianjin Metabolic Diseases Hospital were included.NT-proBNP was measured in plasma samples collected from participants at baseline condition.Results At baseline, NT-proBNP was inversely associated with body mass index, waist circumference, fasting glucose, insulin and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol( LDL-C) levels.During a follow-up of 2 years, 51 participants reported a new diagnosis of diabetes from OGTT.Baseline quartiles of NT-proBNP were inversely associated with diabetes risk, even after multivariable adjustment.Theadjustedrelativerisksfordiabeteswere1.0(reference),0.83(95%CI0.74-0.96),0.78(95%CI 0.68-0.90), 0.74 (95%CI 0.64-0.87) for the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th quartiles of baseline NT-proBNP, respectively ( P<0.01 ) .Conclus ion In IGRpopulation , lowlevels of NT-proBNP were associated with a significantly increased risk of type 2 diabetes.
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Objective To investigate the relationship between leptin level of IGR patients and intima-media thickness (IMT) of carotid arterial. Methods One hundred and eighteen IGR patents were enrolled into the following three groups according to the result of oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT): 38 cases of the purely impaired fasting glucose (IFG) group, 42 cases of the purely impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) group and 42 cases of the IFG combining with IGT (IFG + IGT) group. Thirty-eight cases with normol glucose tolerance (NGR) were enrolled in the NGR group. The blood fat, fasting blood-glucose (FBG), fasting insulin (insulin), fasting C peptide , 2 h-postprandial blood glucose , 2 h-insulin , 2 h-C peptide , glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C), C-reactive protein (CRP), body mass index (BMI), leptin and IMT were determined in patients of the three groups and the healthy controls. The multiple linear regression was used to analyze the relationship between leptin level and IMT , and person correlation was further used to analyze the affinity degree between leptin level and IMT. Results Compared with the NGT group, the inter-group comparison showed that leptin level was significantly increased in the IFG, IGT and (IFG + IGT) groups (P < 0.05, respectively). Compared with the IFG and IGT groups, IMT and the leptin level were increased in the (IFG + IGT) group (P < 0.05, respectively). The multiple linear regression analysis showed that leptin level was correlated with the increase of IMT in the (IFG + IGT) group (P < 0.05), but not in the IFT group and the IGT group. Conclusion The leptin level in the IGR group and the IMT in the IFG + IGT ) group were significantly increased , the leptin level was closely associated with IMT.
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Objective To investigate the effect of dietary glycemic load (GL) on the blood glucose level in women with impaired glucose regulation. Methods A total of 120 women with impaired glucose regulation aged from 40 to 79 were enrolled from Guangzhou community to participate in the epidemiological survey on dia-betes mellitus, and were followed up for 12 months. Continues 24 -hour dietary review of 3 days were completed before and after intervention. The dietary GI, GL and the changes of blood glucose level during the 12-month follow-up were analyzed. Results Ninety-nine subjects completed the 12-month follow-up. According to the GL change percentage (ΔGL), all of the subjects were divided into three groups, including group Ⅰ(ΔGL < -30%)、group Ⅱ(ΔGL -30% ~ -10%) and group Ⅲ (ΔGL≥-10%). The reductions of HbA1c in group Ⅰ and groupⅡ were greater than that in group Ⅲ (P < 0.05). Conclusion To lowering dietary GL at 10% or more should be conductive to reduce HbA1C of women with inpaired glucose regulation.
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Objective To study the relationship between IGF-1, IGFBP-3 and prostatic volume (PV) by examining the levels of insulin and insulin-like growth fator-1 (IGF-1) and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 ( IGFBP-3 ) and other indicators in patients with impaired glucose regulation and benign prostate hypertrophy. Methods According to 75 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) results, 109 BPH patients aged over 50 years were divided into three groups: normal glucose tolerance (NGT) group (n = 56), impaired fasting glucose (IFG) group (n = 14), impaired glucose tolerance (IGT group, n = 39). The biochemical indicators and postatic hyperplasia related factors and IGF-1, GFBP-3 were measured. Results There were no statistical differences between the three groups in terms of blood lipids, homocysteine, urinary inhibition C, fasting insulin (FINS), glycosylated hemoglobin, IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 (P > 0.05). There were no significant differences between the groups in terms of PV, prostate specific antigen, the quality of life score and the international prostate symptom score (P > 0.05). Fasting plasma glucose and insulin resistance index (HOMA IR) were higher in IFG group than NGT group (P′ < 0.017) and IGT group (P′ < 0.017). 2-hour plasma glucose and 2-hour insulin were higher in IGT group than NGT group (P′ < 0.017) and IFG group (P′ < 0.017). PV was positively correlated with FINS but not correlated with IGF-1, IGFBP- 3 by multiple multiple step wise regression analysis. Conclusion Oyperinsulinemia is a risk factor in the development of BPH with IGR, and IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 are not associated with BPH risk. Further investigation is needed to elucidate the role of the IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 in BPH.
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Objective To investigate the status of dietary fiber ( DF ) and dietary glycemic load ( GL ) in middle-aged and elderly population, and to analyze the correlation of DF and GL with abnormal glucose metabolism. Methods Subjects aged 40-79 years came from Guangzhou community. Dietary nutrients intakes were assessed by continuous 24 hours review for 3 days. Correlation of abnormal glucose metabolism with GL and DF and their interaction were analyzed as quintiles of the distribution. Results Of 1 832 subjects, there were 990 subjects (54. 0%) with normal glucose tolerance, 640 (34. 9%) with IGR, and 202 (11. 0%) newly-diagnosed diabetes mellitus(DM). AverageDFintakeofsubjectswas(11.5±4.5)g/dandaverageGLintakewas(181.0±7.5)/d. Compared with the highest quintile group of total DF intake, the risk of abnormal glucose metabolism in the lowest quintile group was increased[OR=1. 99, 95% CI (1. 48,2. 67)], with increased IGR risk[OR=1. 85, 95% CI (1.34,2.57)]andDMrisk[OR=2.36,95% CI(1.50,3.73)]. ComparedwiththelowestquintilegroupofGL intake, the risk of abnormal glucose metabolism in the highest quintile group was increased [ OR=1. 58, 95% CI (1. 18, 2. 13)], and with increased IGR risk[OR=1. 75, 95%CI(1. 26, 2. 42)] and DM risk[OR=1. 22, 95%CI(0. 77, 1. 94)]. The lowest quintile of DF and the highest quintile of GL was associated with the risk of increased abnormal glucose metabolism[OR=3. 43, 95%CI(1. 41, 8. 36)]. Conclusion Abnormal glucose metabolism was negatively related with DF and positively related with GL.
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Objective_ To investigate the effect of resting heart rate on the progression to diabetes in impaired glucose regulation patients. Methods A total of 638 patients with impaired glucose regulation, from January 2011 to December 2012 in our endocrinology clinic, were selected for the study. According to the resting heart rate, patients were divided into four groups:75 beat/min groups. All patients'baseline data were collected. The incidences of diabetes in different resting heart rate groups were compared, and the relationship between resting heart rate and the progression to diabetes was estimated using multiple regression analysis. Results In 704 patients with impaired glucose regulation, 636 patients have been completed 2 years follow-up, or reached the end of follow-up ( diagnosed as diabetes ) , the follow-up rate was 90. 34%. During two years follow-up, the incidence of diabetes of75 beat/min group were 16. 2%, 19. 4%, 25. 0%, and 33. 0%, respectivlely. And the Cochran Armitage trend test showed that χ2 =11. 109, P=0. 001, the difference was statistically significant ( P<0. 05). According to blood glucose monitoring, the 636 patients with impaired glucose regulation were divided into impaired fasting glucose group, impaired glucose tolerance group and impaired fasting glucose combined with impaired glucose tolerance group:the Cochran Armitage trend test showed that, with the resting heart rate accelerating, the incidence of diabetes increased. The incidence of diabetes in impaired fasting glucose combined with impaired glucose tolerance group was higher than that of impaired fasting glucose group and impaired glucose tolerance group ( P=0. 062, 0. 113). The average resting heart rate in 68 impaired glucose regulation patients progressed to diabetes was (79.8±8.3)beat/min,andin568non-diabetescases,itwas(74.5±7.2)beat/min(t=-5.043,P<0.01). With the use of patients progressing to diabetes as the dependent variable, different resting heart rate group as independent variables, and resting heart rate<66 beat/min group as a reference, the logistic regression analysis showed that the risk of the progression to diabetes increased with the resting heart rate levels. Conclusion Higher resting heart rate is linked to higher risk of diabetes in patients with impaired glucose regulation.
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Objective To identify the relationship between impaired glucose regulation of neuronal apoptosis in hip-pocampus and the ability of learning/memory in rats.Methods The model rats were made by high fat and sugar diet;The morris water maze was used to detect the learning and memory function;The TUNEL method was used to detect neuronal apoptosis in hippocampus .Expression of Bcl-2/Bax and Bcl-2 mRNA/Bax mRNA factor in hippo-campus neurons was detected with immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization .Results Compared with NGT group, in IGR group the learning and memory ability were meaningfully decreased (P<0.05);the number of neuro-nal apoptosis in hippocampus was increased significantly ( P<0.05 ); the expression of Bcl-2 and Bcl-2 mRNA in hippocampus decreased significantly ( P<0.05);the expression of Bax and Bax mRNA in hippocampus increased sig-nificantly ( P<0.05 );The ability of learning and memory was positively correlated with expression of Bcl -2 ( P<0.05) and negatively correlated to the expression of Bax (P<0.05).Conclusions There is a relationship between impaired glucose regulation and the ability of learning and memory in rats , its mechanism may be potentially related to hippocampal neuronal apoptosis .
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The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of low-frequency neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) on glucose profile in persons with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Eight persons with T2DM (41 to 65 years) completed a glucose tolerance test with and without NMES delivered to the knee extensors for a 1-hour period at 8 Hz. Three blood samples were collected: at rest, and then 60 and 120 minutes after consumption of a glucose load on the NMES and control days. In NMES groups glucose concentrations were significantly lower (P<0.01) than in the control conditions. Moreover, a significant positive correlation (r=0.9, P<0.01) was obtained between the intensity of stimulation and changes in blood glucose. Our results suggest that low-frequency stimulation seem suitable to induce enhance glucose uptake in persons with T2DM. Moreover, the intensity of stimulation reflecting the motor contraction should be considered during NMES procedure.
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Humans , Blood Glucose , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 , Electric Stimulation , Glucose Tolerance Test , Glucose , Knee , Pilot ProjectsABSTRACT
The mutant Penicillium chrysogenum strain dogR5, derived from strain AS-P-78, does not respond to glucose regulation of penicillin biosynthesis and β-galactosidase, and is partially deficient in D-glucose phosphorilating activity. We have transformed strain dogR5 with the (hexokinase) hxk2 gene from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Transformants recovered glucose control of penicillin biosynthesis in different degrees, and acquired a hexokinase (fructose phosphorylating) activity absent in strains AS- P-78 and dogR5. Interestingly, they also recovered glucose regulation of β-galactosidase. On the other hand, glucokinase activity was affected in different ways in the transformants; one of which showed a lower activity than the parental dogR5, but normal glucose regulation of penicillin biosynthesis. Our results show that Penicillium chrysogenum AS-P-78 and dogR5 strains lack hexokinase, and suggest that an enzyme with glucokinase activity is involved in glucose regulation of penicillin biosynthesis and β-galactosidase, thus signaling glucose in both primary and secondary metabolism; however, catalytic and signaling activities seem to be independent.
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Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal/drug effects , Glucose/metabolism , Hexokinase/metabolism , Penicillins/biosynthesis , Penicillium chrysogenum/genetics , Penicillium chrysogenum/metabolism , Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins/metabolism , Hexokinase/genetics , Recombinant Proteins/genetics , Recombinant Proteins/metabolism , Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins/genetics , Transformation, Genetic , beta-Galactosidase/biosynthesisABSTRACT
Objective To explore the levels of serum 25(OH)D in glomerular disease patients and investigate its influence on the impaired glucose metabolism after treated with glucocorticoid. Methods A total of 61 patients with glomerular disease confirmed by clinical diagnosis and renal biopsy were included in the case group before receiving steroid therapy. 16 cases were selected as control at the same period. Before and six weeks after the treatment of glucocorticoid, all subjects took oral glucose tolerance test (OGT). According to the results of OGT, patients were divided into normal glucose regulation (NGR) group, impaired glucose regulation (IGR) group and steroid diabetes mellitus (SDM) group. Serum 25(OH)D levels were detected with enzyme?linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and other clinical data including albumin(Alb), Scr and urine protein were collected. Results (1) Before treated with glucocorticoid, the serum 25(OH)D levels in the control group [(64.09±13.53) nmol/L]were significantly higher than that in NGR group [(50.81 ± 12.44) nmol/L], while the latter was significantly higher than that in IGR group [(42.71 ± 8.09) nmol/L, all P5.6% increased the risk of developing steroid diabetes 5.586 and 5.197 times, respectively. Age increased 10 years or insulin resistance index increased one, the risk of occurred SDM increased 2.443 and 2.755 times, respectively. Conclusions Most glomerular disease patients are serum 25 (OH)D deficiency or insufficiency. Low level of serum 25(OH)D is one of the main risk factors of steroid diabetes in patients with glomerular disease when treated with glucocorticoid.
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Objective To investigate the difference of adiponectin ,glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) ,blood lipid and body mass index(BMI)in individuals with impaired glucose regulation(IGR) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM ) ,and to predict their effect in development of IGR 、T2DM .Methods Medical examination objects were selected and divided into three groups :145 patients with newly diagnosed T2DM group ,128 patients with impaired glucose regulation(IGR group) ,160 individuals with normal glucose tol‐erance (NGT group ,as control) .Fasting adiponectin ,HbA1c ,total cholesterol (TC ) ,triglyceride (TG ) ,low density lipoprotein (LDL‐C) ,high density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL‐C) were determined .We measured body height ,body weight to compute body mass index(BMI) .Results The levels of HbA1c ,TC ,TG ,LDL‐C ,BMI were significantly higher in T2DM group than those in NGT group(P< 0 .05) ,the levels of HDL‐C and adiponectin were more declined in T2DM group than those in NGT group (P<0 .05) .The levels of HbA1c ,TC ,TG ,LDL‐C ,BMI were significantly higher in IGR group than those in NGT group(P< 0 .05) ,the levels of HDL‐C and adiponectin were more declined in IGR group than those in NGT group (P < 0 .05) .The levels of HbA1c , TC ,TG ,LDL‐C ,BMI were significantly higher in T2DM group than those in IGR group(P < 0 .05) ,the levels of HDL‐C and adi‐ponectin were more declined in T2DM group than those in IGR group (P < 0 .05) .Conclusion During the course of disease from NGT to IGR to T2DM ,plasma adiponectin levels are decreasing ,however HbA1c ,TC ,TG ,LDL‐C are increasing gradually while BMI were increasing .Therefore it has very important effect and significance in controlling BMI and plasma adiponectin levels to pre‐vent and cure IGR ,T2DM and plasma lipid disorder .